List of references
FGM/C worldwide
28 Too Many. 2022. Religion and FGM/C. Online at: https://www.fgmcri.org/media/uploads/Thematic%20Research%20and%20Resources/Religion/religion_factsheet_print-friendly_page_v2_(april_2022).pdf.
28 Too Many. 2019. Law Factsheet 1: International and Regional Treaties Relevant to FGM. Online at: https://www.fgmcri.org/media/uploads/Thematic%20Research%20and%20Resources/Law/law_factsheet_1_v1_(november_2019).pdf.
African Union. 2003. Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ rights, on the rights of women in Africa. Online at: https://au.int/en/treaties/protocol-african-charter-human-and-peoples-rights-establishment-african-court-human-and.
“Approximately 1 in 4 survivors of female genital mutilation were cut by a health care provider“ (05 February 2020). UNICEF. Online at: https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/approximately-1-4-fgm-survivors-were-cut-health-care-provider.
Council of Europe. 2011. Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence [“Istanbul Convention“]. Online at: https://rm.coe.int/1680462535.
Duden. n.d. “Moral, die“. Online at: https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Moral.
Dürring, Vanda. “Nein, die Klitoris ist nicht klein wie eine Erbse“ (08 March 2022). Schweizer Rundfunk. Online at: https://www.srf.ch/kultur/gesellschaft-religion/fehlerhafte-sachbuecher-nein-die-klitoris-ist-nicht-klein-wie-eine-erbse.
End FGM European Network. 2024. FGM, Religious Discrimination and Intersectionality. Position Paper. Online at: https://endfgm.eu/content/documents/reports/2024-FGM-Religious-Discrimination-and-Intersectionality.pdf.
End FGM European Network, End FGM/C U.S. Network and Equality Now. 2020. Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Call for a Global Response. Online at: https://www.endfgm.eu/editor/files/2020/04/FGM_Global_-_ONLINE_PDF_VERSION_-_07.pdf.
Fink, Thomas. “Vaginale Rekonstruktionstechniken des Beckenbodens“ (30 April 2025). Die Urologie. Online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-025-02591-9.
GAMS Belgique. n.d. What is FGM? Online at: https://gams.be/en/what-is-fgm/.
Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children (IAC). n.d. FGM. Online at: https://iac-ciaf.net/fgm/.
Keck, Margaret E. and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Lorenz, Louisa. “‚Mehr als ein kleiner Knubbel‘“ (24 January 2019). Interview conducted by Andrew Müller and Julia Hummer. taz. Online at: https://taz.de/Kulturwissenschaftlerin-ueber-Klitoris/!5564998/.
Organization of American States. 1994. Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women “Convention of Belem do Pará”. Online at: https://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-61.html.
Plan International Deutschland e.V. 2022. Weibliche Genitalverstümmelung/Beschneidung (FGM/C). Online at: https://fim-frauenrecht.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2022_Plan_InternationalFGMC_deutsch.pdf.
Raff, Hershel, Kevin T. Strang and Eric P. Widmaier. 2022. Vander’s Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function. 16th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Runde, Melina. “Potenzmittel im Test: Alle untersuchten Wirkstoffe nur ‚mit Einschränkungen geeignet‘“ (23 February 2021). RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland. Online at: https://www.rnd.de/gesundheit/potenzmittel-im-test-alle-untersuchten-wirkstoffe-nur-mit-einschrankungen-geeignet-7Z5K3PDRUJCCRGQR6DPH4BY2IA.html.
Sotiriadis, Georgius. 2014. Der neue Straftatbestand der weiblichen Genitalverstümmelung, § 226a StGB: Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen. Zeitschrift für Internationale Strafrechtsdogmatik 7-8: 320-339. Online at: https://www.zis-online.com/dat/artikel/2014_7-8_834.pdf.
TERRE DES FEMMES. n.d. Stellungnahme von TERRE DES FEMMES zur Verwendung des Begriffs „weibliche Genitalverstümmelung“. Online at: https://frauenrechte.de/fileadmin/Redaktion/Unsere_Arbeit/FGM/FGM-Materialien/2011_07_FGM_PositionTerminologie.pdf.
Thomson Reuters Foundation and 28 Too Many. 2018. Somalia: The Law and FGM. Online at: https://www.fgmcri.org/media/uploads/Law%20Reports/somalia_law_report_v2_(july_2021).pdf.
United Nations General Assembly. 1948. Resolution 217 A (III) der Generalversammlung vom 10. Dezember 1948. Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte. Online at: https://www.un.org/depts/german/menschenrechte/aemr.pdf.
United Nations General Assembly. 1979. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women [CEDAW]. Online at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women.
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). o. D. What is female genital mutilation? Online at: https://www.unicef.org/protection/female-genital-mutilation.
UNICEF. 2020. Female genital mutilation country profiles. Online at: https://data.unicef.org/resources/fgm-country-profiles/.
UNICEF. 2024. Female Genital Mutilation: A global concern. Online at: https://data.unicef.org/resources/female-genital-mutilation-a-global-concern-2024/#:~:text=The%20report%20reveals%20that%20over%20230%20million%20girls,compared%20to%20the%20data%20released%20eight%20years%20ago.
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). 2025. Female genital mutilation (FGM) frequently asked questions. Online at: https://www.unfpa.org/resources/female-genital-mutilation-fgm-frequently-asked-questions#FGM_terms.
World Bank. 2024. Compendium of International and National Legal Frameworks on Female Genital Mutilation. Online at: https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/ffb98b2ac4aeaeb3d79cd6fba95d85b5-0260012024/original/Compendium-FGM-February-2023-8th-edition.pdf.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2008. Eliminating Female genital mutilation. An interagency statement. OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO. Online at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241596442.
WHO. 2025. Female Genital Mutilation. Online at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation.
Uloko, Maria, Erika P. Isabey and Blair R. Peters. 2023. How many nerve fibers innervate the human glans clitoris: a histomorphometric evaluation of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 20 (3): 247-252.
Veale, David, Sarah Miles, Sally Bramley, Gordon Muir and John Hodsoll. 2015. Am I normal? A systematic review and construction of nomograms for flaccid and erect penis length and circumference in up to 15 521 men. BJU International 115 (6): 978-986. Online at: https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bju.13010.
Woman & Health. “Aufklärung 2.0.: Gewusst? So groß ist die Klitoris (Teil 2)“ (5 February 2021). Online at: https://www.womanandhealth.at/ueber-uns/news-blog-detail/detail/aufklaerung-20-gewusst-so-gross-ist-die-klitoris-teil-2/.
FGM/C in Sierra Leone
28 Too Many. 2014. Country Profile: FGM in Sierra Leone. Online at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/54bce6334.html.
28 Too Many. 2018. Sierra Leone: The Law and FGM. Online at: https://www.fgmcri.org/media/uploads/Law%20Reports/sierra_leone_law_report_v2_(june_2021).pdf.
Batha, Emma. “Sierra Leone’s first lady confronted over FGM controversy” (7 June 2019). Reuters. Online at: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/sierra-leones-first-lady-confronted-over-fgm-controversy-idUSKCN1T72ZN/.
The Constitution of Sierra Leone, 1991. Online at: https://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf.
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung – BMZ). o. D. Sierra Leone. Online at: https://www.bmz.de/de/laender/sierra-leone#anc=id_154104_154104.
Irish Aid and UNICEF. 2021. Out-Of-School Children Study Sierra Leone. Online at: https://www.unicef.org/sierraleone/media/1186/file/Out-Of-School%20Children%20Study%20Sierra%20Leone.pdf.
Koroma, Osman. “Forum Against Harmful Practices and IHRDA Launch Legal Cases Against Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Sierra Leone“ (2 August 2013). Sierraloaded. Online at: https://sierraloaded.sl/news/forum-file-legal-cases/.
Oloo, H., M. Wanjiru and K. Newell-Jones. 2011. Female genital mutilation practices in Kenya: The role of Alternative Rites of Passage. A case study of Kisii and Kuria Districts. London: Feed the Minds.
“Seeking Fair Elections, Sierra Leone Bans FGM During Campaign Season“ (5 February 2018). Voz de América. Online at: https://www.voanews.com/a/seeking-fair-elections-sierra-leone-bans-fgm-during-campaign-season/4240062.html.
Sesay, Shekou M. and Davidson S.H.W. Nicol. “Sierra Leone” (3 May 2025). Britannica. Online at: https://www.britannica.com/place/Sierra-Leone/Plant-and-animal-life.
Sierra Leone: Act No. 7 of 2007, The Child Right Act, 2007. Online at: https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/2007/en/45045.
Statistics Sierra Leone (Stats SL) and ICF. 2020. Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey 2019. Freetown, Sierra Leone, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: Stats SL and ICF. Online at: https://www.dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr365-dhs-final-reports.cfm?cssearch=395065_1.
Translators without borders. 2020. Language map of Sierra Leone. Online at: https://translatorswithoutborders.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Sierra-Leone-Language-Map-Static-EN.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2023. Multidimensional Poverty in Sierra Leone. Online at: https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2023-11/undp_sl_multidimentsional_poverty_index_2023.pdf.
UNDP. 2024. Human Development Report 2023/2024. Online at: https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2023-24.
United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. 2013. Sierra Leone 2013 Human Rights Report. Online at: https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/220368.pdf.
Vitalis Pemunta, Ngambouk and Tabi Chama Tabenyang. 2017. Cultural power, ritual symbolism and human rights violations in Sierra Leone. Cogent Social Sciences 3 (1): 1-27. Online at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23311886.2017.1295549.
World Bank. n.d. Gender Data Portal. Sierra Leone. Online at: https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/sierra-leone.
“Zeit zu handeln: FGM muss in Sierra Leone endlich gesetzlich verboten werden“ (1 February 2022). TERRE DES FEMMES. Online at: https://frauenrechte.de/aktuelles/detail/zeit-zu-handeln-fgm-muss-in-sierra-leone-endlich-gesetzlich-verboten-werden.
FGM/C in Germany
Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ). 2020. Weibliche Genitalverstümmelung. Online at: https://www.bmfsfj.de/bmfsfj/themen/gleichstellung/frauen-vor-gewalt-schuetzen/weibliche-genitalverstuemmelung-80720.
Bundesregierung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. n.d. Schutzbrief. Online at: https://www.bmfsfj.de/resource/blob/179278/4df8a061d4873a6fc88765522517ec01/schutzbrief-gegen-weibliche-genitalverstuemmelung-deutsch-data.pdf.
Deutscher Bundestag. 2018. Weibliche Genitalverstümmelung im menschenrechtlichen Kontext. Völkerrechtliche Vorgaben und Anforderung an deren nationale Umsetzung. Online at: https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/557652/45473f1d675e8544357d02bfa60a55b4/wd-2-034-18-pdf-data.pdf.
Plan International Deutschland e.V. 2022. Weibliche Genitalverstümmelung/Beschneidung (FGM/C). Online at: https://fim-frauenrecht.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2022_Plan_InternationalFGMC_deutsch.pdf.
TERRE DES FEMMES. 2025. Female Genital Mutilation in Germany. Estimate of unreported cases 2025. Online at: https://unversehrt-ausstellung.de/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/TDF-Estimate-of-unreported-cases-FGM-2025.pdf.
United Nations Women Deutschland. 2024. Null Toleranz: Weibliche Genitalverstümmelung (FGM/C) stoppen. Online at: https://unwomen.de/weibliche-genitalverstuemmelung/.
Valentiner, Dana-Sophia. 2012. Zur Notwendigkeit einer strafrechtlichen Regelung der weiblichen Genitalverstümmelung. Studentische Zeitschrift für Rechtswissenschaft Heidelberg 3: 461-474. Online at: https://studzr.de/medien/beitraege/2012/3/pdf/StudZR_2012-3_Valentiner_Genitalverstuemmelung.pdf.
Please note:
The sources for the headlines under “Political work” in the FGM/C in Sierra Leone exhibition section and for the publications in the bookshelf in the FGM/C in Germany exhibition section are each available in the respective sections.